Some lateral thinking for Christmas.

  • 26 Dec 2021 08:59
    Reply # 12215089 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Racing vs. fast cruising  -  and what is efficiency, really?

    The big difference between racing and cruising is the handicap system.
    Doing well in handicap racing is all about sailing a bit faster than those who decide a boat’s handicap think it will do. I once read that a panel was removed from the SJR of Edward Hooper’s Amiina to avoid a bad handicap. Amiina surely didn’t go any faster after this remedy (the mast wasn’t shortened), but it was supposed to be smart from a racer’s perspective.

    Fast cruising  -  which I pretend that I am doing  -  is different. It is about making the boat sail well at all points, and in most conditions (on the intended sort of cruising) with a small crew. The size of the rig is decided from practical rather than tactical reasons.

    On my boats, I start with deciding how tall and heavy mast I can set without making the boat unseaworthy. Then I pile on as tall and big sail as will fit the length of the boat  -  or the strength of the crew. Some say it is better to make a smaller rig with better aerodynamics in it. I disagree. Then one will eventually fall in the ‘Bermuda trap’: After having optimised their rigs for upwind work for decades, they found their rigs to be next to useless when running before, so a spinnaker had/has to be used. Downwind, sail area is king.

    What is a rig’s efficiency, then?
    Area efficiency, cost efficiency, crew size efficiency, upwind efficiency or what? To me, the only place where area efficiency is relevant, is when handicap racing. Not my cup of tea.
    My priority is on cost efficiency, which translates into ease of home-building. Adding some area is not expensive, so handling the rig (or the stability of the boat) is the size-limiting factor.

    Adding extra sails for light-wind work is to me mainly a way of entertaining a largish crew. Making a topsail or kite fly is rewarding and fun, of course. Not to be underrated.

    Cheers,
    Arne



    Last modified: 28 Dec 2021 11:10 | Anonymous member (Administrator)
  • 26 Dec 2021 01:40
    Reply # 12214829 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Tops’ls

    Seeing as it is Christmas, let’s diverge a little from junk rigs and follow Jan’s post, wandering off into the area of gaff tops’ls.

    I had a gaff schooner once, with three tops'ls, now called Havoc and owned by Marcus. I built the hull, but the next owner did the rig, true to plan, complete with ratlins, trestle trees and fidded topmasts. She would have had a pretty big sail area.


    Each with their own running gear, the topmasts were set in place by hoisting from the deck. To strike them, a crew member would scramble up the ratlins and knock out the fid (ratlins on one side only, on a scow) . Except that no one ever did. When I re-acquired her many years later, the running rigging for this arrangement had gone, and topmasts had remained permanently in place, for the life of the boat, as far as I know. And the tops’ls had never been bent on. I discovered them, still brand new, stowed under a bunk. I never tried them either, I am ashamed to admit. I never had a crew then, but there was no reason not to at least try the main tops’l. The fore tops’l would have been a problem. The old scow schooners needed a boy to go aloft and take the tops’l and its sheets around the triatic stay every time they went about. And evidently, they sometimes did not bother, as old photographs often show the fore tops’l left furled on the cap. (No such problem for a ketch, but the ketch, with its independantly-rigged masts, lent itself less to being used as lifting gear when unloading heavy cargo). Evidently the only thing the main topmast ever got used for on Havoc, by the previous owner, was as an attachment point for a scallop dredge – the unfortunate result being, the steel main topmast now has a permanent bend.

    Most of the old scows ended their sailing days bald headed – a stumpy, spreaderless, robust but slightly forlorn-looking reminder of better times, as the vessel continued further useful life as a powered barge. Havoc, like an old lady trying to stay looking young, still has her topmasts (for now – Marcus says he wants to give her a new rig – a junk rig). But, though they would have added a massive increase in sail area, her tops’ls were never used – except – except, that is, for the jib tops’l.

    The old scows always carried at least three headsails, but old Brian (whose father had been a scow skipper) reckoned these multi-sail arrangements don’t scale down well, and when he designed this much smaller boat he was having none of it. A lot of his small cruising designs get only a single, largish, non-overlapping headsail, often on a boom, for easy handling, and usually with reef points. Havoc has one of these. For some of the heavier designs, this has proved insufficient in area. But the scow was meant to be a kind of replica and she had the topmasts anyway, so Brian gave her the added bonus of a furling jib tops’l, set on a home-made Wickham-Martin type of rotating forestay arrangement. I found this worked very conveniently, until one day in a serious gale the furling gear came adrift and the sail unfurled itself, shaking so violently it was impossible to approach it. When it finally came back from the sail-maker, I fouled the halyard at the masthead while trying to bend it back on, and by now I was too old to shinney up a fore topmast to sort out the mess. So I guess all she will ever have now are the three lowers.

    (Havoc today. Just the three lowers now. Photos by Linda (Fantail). If the sails look a bit scruffy, consider this: I don't think they were ever taken off the boat, in more than 50 years).

    What is the point of all this? Well, the point is, that high-clewed high-flying jib tops’l made a huge difference to the way the scow sailed. It punched way above its miniscule area, and the difference was always noticeable, as the old lady went from a plod to (nearly) a smart jog. Occasionally, on a good day, she sparkled. This is why I think it is a waste and a shame to expect the top panel of an inshore junk rig to serve the dual purpose of a top sail and a storm sail. The storm sail should be at the bottom where it belongs and most of the time out of the way, not at the top, where a light and well-cambered panel could do so much good under normal conditions. With a sail catcher - and the boom dressed simultaneously with a storm sail and the regular fair weather sail, for my current scow (still building), I am hoping it might be a simple switch from a better fair weather rig – to possibly also a better storm sail, if needed. However, there are some, as-yet, un-thought-out details. We shall see.

    A good alternative was the idea suggested by Jan – a proper little tops’l to fill the gap between a sufficiently lofty mast, and a low-angle yard. That is the most KISS suggestion yet, with little extra required beyond the top sail itself and what the rig already has. I have no idea of the best shape, how to design and cut such a sail, but I bet it can be done.

    Arne is probably right in suggesting it is a solution to a non-problem. But we are just talking about a little bit of summer fun here. (Christmas is summer down here).

    I bet a little bit of rag up there could make a noticeable difference in a light breeze.

    Havoc’s old jib tops’l is proof enough for me.

    Happy New Year!


    Last modified: 27 Dec 2021 23:26 | Anonymous member (Administrator)
  • 25 Dec 2021 22:20
    Reply # 12214771 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Bonjour

    Rather than extending the sail area it would be more clever to increase the efficiency of the sail.

    May a sugest : wingjunk-sails !

    Joyeux Noël !

    Eric


  • 25 Dec 2021 13:19
    Reply # 12214454 on 12212428

    Maybe not a problem but worth thinking about. I look at it from the perspective of cutting wind drag by having a very short mast. Along with a small efficient sail that might result in going upwind with less fuss and heeling as you don't have to overcome the drag of the usual 'tall' mast when reefed. You need less power as there is less drag. That is the way to go in my opinion. And that is where a telescoping mast would be great.

    Bang for the buck and innovation are as far apart as anything as you will know.  At this  stage it has no place. 

    Regards

    Rudolf


  • 25 Dec 2021 09:29
    Reply # 12214281 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Most bang for the bucks, a gennaker?

    Frankly, after having thought about it, I wonder if we are trying to solve a not-problem, at least for smaller craft. On the small boats I’ve had, up to 29’ and 3tons, I have been able to fit junkrigs with a much larger area than the original, and still with lower masts. None of my boats has felt under-rigged, compared to boats around us.

    Still, I stress the need for cambered panels. My very first junk was Malena, 7.1m long at 1.4 ton. Originally, she could set 27sqm with the largest genoa (masthead rig). The first flat-sail JR of 32sqm resulted in a SA/Disp. of almost 26(!). Even with this area, Malena felt quite lame, except when downwind. Then, when giving the sail 10% camber by using hinged battens, the power of the rig rose so dramatically that I soon cut down the mast one metre and removed the lowest panel until a new, hollow mast could be built. The camber also ensured a much better tacking angle.

    Nowadays, I aim for junkrigs with the same area as the original mainsail plus genoa one, or a rig which gives a SA/disp just over 20.
    On larger vessels, with displacement of  6 or 8 tons or more, it is not realistic to achieve a SA/disp of 20. However, the longer waterlines of these vessels will anyway make them faster.
    This is one reason why I shy away from boats with extremely high disp./length ratios. It’s simply too difficult to make room for a big enough rig (without a bowsprit).

    Only for the big boats, and with long distance voyaging in mind, would I consider adding light-wind sails for the F1-F2 winds. The simplest solution, i.e. cheapest and easiest to make and handle,  appears to me to be adding a light genoa/gennaker sort of thing, set on a retractable bowsprit.

    Boring maybe, but doable.

    Cheers,
    Arne


    Last modified: 25 Dec 2021 11:45 | Anonymous member (Administrator)
  • 24 Dec 2021 22:39
    Reply # 12213917 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Bonsoir et joyeux Noël à tous !

    First: that idea is not that new and the way it is provided is rather restrictive.

    In PJR you may find several ways to increase the sail area in light winds. They mainly use light complementary rigings with light removable masts and sails.

    Second :

    there is actually an industrial R&D study conducted by Michelin on an "erectil" mast associated with an inflated Wingsail (the mast and sail are blown up by small fans). At least 60 persons are working on the project and the core business would be on cargo to follow the requirements on pollution reduction decided for the maritime industry ! Unfortunatly the wingsail is a bermudian but not a junkrig (dominant thinking, as usual !!!)


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No6qTbn0J4s


    Amicalement

    Eric


  • 24 Dec 2021 21:01
    Reply # 12213870 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Kites are suspiciously like spinnakers, which also work well, but carry a significant safety disadvantage. You can't stop in a hurry and go back. Fun, but not always easy to deploy or demount.

    I have been mulling over this ever since I first decided to have a junk rig. The one thing which I have always thought is miserable about the junk rig is having lower camber (and often heavier cloth) in the upper panels, against the small percentage of time spent sailing in heavy conditions. Its quite the wrong way round. The storm sail should be at the bottom, not at the top.

    Its like wearing a raincoat everywhere you go, even on nice days – just in case it rains. The paradigm should be that you always have a raincoat to hand, but wear light clothes most of the time and only put the raincoat on if it rains.

    (I’m talking about in-shore sailing here, where most of the time you can choose your weather. The ocean cruising paradigm has dominated cruising boat design in New Zealand, to the point of spoiling it).

    So, my idea is that a junk sail should be built for light to moderate weather, with the top panel always intended to be an effective topsail. In ultra light conditions, especially the long fine periods of summer we have here, the mast itself could be raised to an extra height of one panel (a five-minute job) and an extra bottom panel, which is normally carried in reef configuration, simply comes into play.

    The complications are not that great. Serendipity already has an extendable mast, though at present it is deployed permanently in the raised position. The mast is in a sunk tabernacle (which extends down to the keel, and protrudes above the deck, giving about twice the amount of bury which would be required). You can think of the tabernacle as a telescopic lower mast extension, with two positions.

    The tabernacle is an aluminium top-hat section, weldless, and folded from a single sheet, thicker than the walls of the mast. Quick and simple. The heel of the mast is built up to be square and is a sliding fit in the tabernacle. At the “partners” (the top of the tabernacle) is a two-part clamp made of cast, heavy duty rubber. It fits the mast and fits inside the tabernacle. The bolts holding the gates of the tabernacle can be slackened slightly if necessary to allow the mast to slide, and the raising can be done by a vertical cable attached to the heel and shortened by a hand winch of the type used by trailer boats, mounted at the top of the tabernacle. When the mast is in the raised position, its weight is supported by a removeable dummy section. I think the idea will be transferable to a larger mast. I have already made a 11m mast with a folded aluminium tabernacle to match, with square heel and cast rubber partner clamps, but have not yet tried it in practice.

    (I would not expect it to be 100% watertight at the deck, but very nearly so, and any drips can be confined to the inside of the tabernacle and a sump in the bilge, and taken care of by evaporation)

    The other complication is that the lifts need to be semi-running. When the mast is raised, the lifts need to be adjusted to a second position, to drop the bundle back to its normal place. (Running lifts also allow the bundle to be dropped into a stow position, in gallows).

    For storm conditions – I am still thinking about this. I have been thinking perhaps a storm sail could be carried in the sail catcher, with its own yard, ready for deployment. It it might be permanently attached to the boom (in which case it would be a simple matter of unclipping and swapping the halyard over and hoisting it, while the normal sail remains furled in the sail catcher. They could share the same boom, and I think the sheeting system will work on the boom only. But this allows only a single panel storm sail – like a try sail.

    I would prefer a low-slung, heavy-duty low-camber proper heavy weather sail with, say, 3 panels, which lives in the sail catcher, ready to be deployed, with its own yard and battens. This might require not only swapping the halyard over, but also an instantly demountable sheeting system of its own, similar to what Serendipity has now. Swapping sheeting systems is an extra complication I have not yet figured out. It is certainly easy enough to do, demounting by a quick-release fitting at the "horse" - but it would require care stowing and unstowing the sheeting system with its pesky sheetlets, especially in turbulent conditions, and may be potentially a bad idea. (Currently I am learning how to carefully stow the sheeting system together with the sail, inside the sail-catcher, as I stow and unstow it each time the boat is used, being a trailer boat.) Clipping on a storm sail at about the third batten, and using the existing sheeting system, would be better – not yet fully figured out.

    But the principle is to have an extendable fine weather rig, with the storm system being a clip-on – rather than a rig set up permanently for bad weather, with a clip-on light-weather extra.

    I think the above idea is perfectly feasible for a SJR with its concomitant sail catcher, and is less complicated and less compromised as a sail, than some kind of topmast extension with a clip-on topsail.


    PS Jan - That's right. The low-yard-angle sail, with its requirement for a taller mast, does give you a "wasted" naked area at the top which cries out for a light-weight extra. I suppose all that would be required is a clip fitting at the tack and the clew of this colourful tops'l, so it can be clipped to the yard - and its own dedicated light-weight halyard (the burgee halyard?). You'd drop the sail, clip the tops'l on on, then hoist both. If the mast is already extra tall, like Amiina's, that would be fun to try, with nothing to lose. Dead simple. I'm guessing something like this is what Slieve has in  mind. Your idea is good because it does not require a running topmast (the anthithesis of KISS).

    Merry Christmas.


    Last modified: 25 Dec 2021 22:34 | Anonymous member (Administrator)
  • 24 Dec 2021 19:34
    Reply # 12213814 on 12212428
    Deleted user

    I was flying my trike a number of years ago with a crazy friend who was a championship hang glider pilot and paraglider pilot.  He had a student with him who we took up on the mountain side to fly a paraglider...... I have to admit, I was impressed.  The takeoff looked a bit sketchy, and he appeared to be headed for the bottom until he curled around and caught an updraft we had been scouting..... You can actually feel them from the mountainside if you know what you are looking for.....Bubbles of warm air that break loose and rise, and manifest on the mountainside as gentle puffs of air.   I learned a lot from Scott!    The student caught one of those and soon was thousands of feet over our heads flying and doing figure 8's like thistle down on the breeze!   A kite is really just a paraglider / parasail,  It's kind of a no brainer as an emergency sail after a dismasting.   Getting it launched might be a bit of a challenge though.  It seems that it would be easier on a multihull.

    1 file
  • 24 Dec 2021 13:34
    Reply # 12213367 on 12212428

    Good thinking Arne.

    Not just a good idea perhaps, but as a readily available piece of emergency equipment any off-shore yacht should carry.

    Cheers, Slieve.

  • 24 Dec 2021 11:47
    Reply # 12213282 on 12212428
    Anonymous member (Administrator)

    Good

    What about installing a kite? AFAIK, the Atlantic has been crossed in a yacht that was towed by a kite. That thing could be huge fun to play with, and could even be useful in getting one (close enough to) home in case the mast topples.

    Arne

    Last modified: 24 Dec 2021 13:45 | Anonymous member (Administrator)
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